.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

=====================================
Asynchronous Transfers/Transforms API
=====================================

.. Contents

  1. INTRODUCTION

  2 GENEALOGY

  3 USAGE
  3.1 General format of the API
  3.2 Supported operations
  3.3 Descriptor management
  3.4 When does the operation execute?
  3.5 When does the operation complete?
  3.6 Constraints
  3.7 Example

  4 DMAENGINE DRIVER DEVELOPER NOTES
  4.1 Conformance points
  4.2 "My application needs exclusive control of hardware channels"

  5 SOURCE

1. Introduction
===============

The async_tx API provides methods for describing a chain of asynchronous
bulk memory transfers/transforms with support for inter-transactional
dependencies.  It is implemented as a dmaengine client that smooths over
the details of different hardware offload engine implementations.  Code
that is written to the API can optimize for asynchronous operation and
the API will fit the chain of operations to the available offload
resources.

2.Genealogy
===========

The API was initially designed to offload the memory copy and
xor-parity-calculations of the md-raid5 driver using the offload engines
present in the Intel(R) Xscale series of I/O processors.  It also built
on the 'dmaengine' layer developed for offloading memory copies in the
network stack using Intel(R) I/OAT engines.  The following design
features surfaced as a result:

1. implicit synchronous path: users of the API do not need to know if
   the platform they are running on has offload capabilities.  The
   operation will be offloaded when an engine is available and carried out
   in software otherwise.
2. cross channel dependency chains: the API allows a chain of dependent
   operations to be submitted, like xor->copy->xor in the raid5 case.  The
   API automatically handles cases where the transition from one operation
   to another implies a hardware channel switch.
3. dmaengine extensions to support multiple clients and operation types
   beyond 'memcpy'

3. Usage
========

3.1 General format of the API
-----------------------------

::

  struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *
  async_<operation>(<op specific parameters>, struct async_submit_ctl *submit)

3.2 Supported operations
------------------------

========  ====================================================================
memcpy    memory copy between a source and a destination buffer
memset    fill a destination buffer with a byte value
xor       xor a series of source buffers and write the result to a
	  destination buffer
xor_val   xor a series of source buffers and set a flag if the
	  result is zero.  The implementation attempts to prevent
	  writes to memory
pq	  generate the p+q (raid6 syndrome) from a series of source buffers
pq_val    validate that a p and or q buffer are in sync with a given series of
	  sources
datap	  (raid6_datap_recov) recover a raid6 data block and the p block
	  from the given sources
2data	  (raid6_2data_recov) recover 2 raid6 data blocks from the given
	  sources
========  ====================================================================

3.3 Descriptor management
-------------------------

The return value is non-NULL and points to a 'descriptor' when the operation
has been queued to execute asynchronously.  Descriptors are recycled
resources, under control of the offload engine driver, to be reused as
operations complete.  When an application needs to submit a chain of
operations it must guarantee that the descriptor is not automatically recycled
before the dependency is submitted.  This requires that all descriptors be
acknowledged by the application before the offload engine driver is allowed to
recycle (or free) the descriptor.  A descriptor can be acked by one of the
following methods:

1. setting the ASYNC_TX_ACK flag if no child operations are to be submitted
2. submitting an unacknowledged descriptor as a dependency to another
   async_tx call will implicitly set the acknowledged state.
3. calling async_tx_ack() on the descriptor.

3.4 When does the operation execute?
------------------------------------

Operations do not immediately issue after return from the
async_<operation> call.  Offload engine drivers batch operations to
improve performance by reducing the number of mmio cycles needed to
manage the channel.  Once a driver-specific threshold is met the driver
automatically issues pending operations.  An application can force this
event by calling async_tx_issue_pending_all().  This operates on all
channels since the application has no knowledge of channel to operation
mapping.

3.5 When does the operation complete?
-------------------------------------

There are two methods for an application to learn about the completion
of an operation.

1. Call dma_wait_for_async_tx().  This call causes the CPU to spin while
   it polls for the completion of the operation.  It handles dependency
   chains and issuing pending operations.
2. Specify a completion callback.  The callback routine runs in tasklet
   context if the offload engine driver supports interrupts, or it is
   called in application context if the operation is carried out
   synchronously in software.  The callback can be set in the call to
   async_<operation>, or when the application needs to submit a chain of
   unknown length it can use the async_trigger_callback() routine to set a
   completion interrupt/callback at the end of the chain.

3.6 Constraints
---------------

1. Calls to async_<operation> are not permitted in IRQ context.  Other
   contexts are permitted provided constraint #2 is not violated.
2. Completion callback routines cannot submit new operations.  This
   results in recursion in the synchronous case and spin_locks being
   acquired twice in the asynchronous case.

3.7 Example
-----------

Perform a xor->copy->xor operation where each operation depends on the
result from the previous operation::

    #include <linux/async_tx.h>

    static void callback(void *param)
    {
	    complete(param);
    }

    #define NDISKS  2

    static void run_xor_copy_xor(struct page **xor_srcs,
				 struct page *xor_dest,
				 size_t xor_len,
				 struct page *copy_src,
				 struct page *copy_dest,
				 size_t copy_len)
    {
	    struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx;
	    struct async_submit_ctl submit;
	    addr_conv_t addr_conv[NDISKS];
	    struct completion cmp;

	    init_async_submit(&submit, ASYNC_TX_XOR_DROP_DST, NULL, NULL, NULL,
			    addr_conv);
	    tx = async_xor(xor_dest, xor_srcs, 0, NDISKS, xor_len, &submit);

	    submit.depend_tx = tx;
	    tx = async_memcpy(copy_dest, copy_src, 0, 0, copy_len, &submit);

	    init_completion(&cmp);
	    init_async_submit(&submit, ASYNC_TX_XOR_DROP_DST | ASYNC_TX_ACK, tx,
			    callback, &cmp, addr_conv);
	    tx = async_xor(xor_dest, xor_srcs, 0, NDISKS, xor_len, &submit);

	    async_tx_issue_pending_all();

	    wait_for_completion(&cmp);
    }

See include/linux/async_tx.h for more information on the flags.  See the
ops_run_* and ops_complete_* routines in drivers/md/raid5.c for more
implementation examples.

4. Driver Development Notes
===========================

4.1 Conformance points
----------------------

There are a few conformance points required in dmaengine drivers to
accommodate assumptions made by applications using the async_tx API:

1. Completion callbacks are expected to happen in tasklet context
2. dma_async_tx_descriptor fields are never manipulated in IRQ context
3. Use async_tx_run_dependencies() in the descriptor clean up path to
   handle submission of dependent operations

4.2 "My application needs exclusive control of hardware channels"
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Primarily this requirement arises from cases where a DMA engine driver
is being used to support device-to-memory operations.  A channel that is
performing these operations cannot, for many platform specific reasons,
be shared.  For these cases the dma_request_channel() interface is
provided.

The interface is::

  struct dma_chan *dma_request_channel(dma_cap_mask_t mask,
				       dma_filter_fn filter_fn,
				       void *filter_param);

Where dma_filter_fn is defined as::

  typedef bool (*dma_filter_fn)(struct dma_chan *chan, void *filter_param);

When the optional 'filter_fn' parameter is set to NULL
dma_request_channel simply returns the first channel that satisfies the
capability mask.  Otherwise, when the mask parameter is insufficient for
specifying the necessary channel, the filter_fn routine can be used to
disposition the available channels in the system. The filter_fn routine
is called once for each free channel in the system.  Upon seeing a
suitable channel filter_fn returns DMA_ACK which flags that channel to
be the return value from dma_request_channel.  A channel allocated via
this interface is exclusive to the caller, until dma_release_channel()
is called.

The DMA_PRIVATE capability flag is used to tag dma devices that should
not be used by the general-purpose allocator.  It can be set at
initialization time if it is known that a channel will always be
private.  Alternatively, it is set when dma_request_channel() finds an
unused "public" channel.

A couple caveats to note when implementing a driver and consumer:

1. Once a channel has been privately allocated it will no longer be
   considered by the general-purpose allocator even after a call to
   dma_release_channel().
2. Since capabilities are specified at the device level a dma_device
   with multiple channels will either have all channels public, or all
   channels private.

5. Source
---------

include/linux/dmaengine.h:
    core header file for DMA drivers and api users
drivers/dma/dmaengine.c:
    offload engine channel management routines
drivers/dma/:
    location for offload engine drivers
include/linux/async_tx.h:
    core header file for the async_tx api
crypto/async_tx/async_tx.c:
    async_tx interface to dmaengine and common code
crypto/async_tx/async_memcpy.c:
    copy offload
crypto/async_tx/async_xor.c:
    xor and xor zero sum offload
